TolC and its many homologues comprise an alpha -helical transperiplasmic tu
nnel embedded in the bacterial outer membrane by a contiguous beta -barrel
channel, providing a large exit duct for diverse substrates. The 'channel-t
unnel' is closed at its periplasmic entrance, but can be opened by an 'iris
-like' mechanism when recruited by substrate-engaged proteins in the cytoso
lic membrane.