The ghost of granivory past

We report a 36-month echo of vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) seed-selection in the composition of synthetic forb communities in Wisconsin. An initial s tudy showed direct suppression of an exceptionally large-seeded (seed > 15 mg) species (Silphium integrifolium, Asteraceae) by seed-size predation by rodents during the winter, resulting in indirect release of small-seeded (s eed less than or equal to 1.5 mg) species. Twelve months after planting, pl ant diversities (Simpson's D) were 33% higher in plots exposed to winter se ed selection by rodents. Thirty-six months after planting, Silphium integri folium had almost equalized densities in rodent access (20.8 +/- 4.1 m(-2)) and exclusion (29.0 +/- 5.2 m(-2)) plots, but still suppressed both large- seeded (greater than or equal to 3.5 mg) and small-seeded (less than or equ al to 1.5 mg) species (F-1,F-16=11.84 and F-1,F-16=10.42, P less than or eq ual to 0.005, respectively). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA ) distinguished effects of Silphium integrifolium (Wilk's lambda P=0.029) f rom echoes of earlier winter granivory (Wilk's lambda P=0.014). Thirty mont hs after rodent exclusion, diversity (D) remained 27% higher in plots once opened to winter granivory (adjusted mean 4.70 +/- 0.37 SE) as compared wit h closed plots (3.70 +/- 0.26; F-1,F-16=5.12, P < 0.05). Echoes of earlier granivory remained after rodent-induced imbalances in the abundances of the competitive driver of this system, Silphium integrifolium, all but disappe ared.