V. Anantharaman et al., Peptide-N-glycanases and DNA repair proteins, Xp-C/Rad4, are, respectively, active and inactivated enzymes sharing a common transglutaminase fold, HUM MOL GEN, 10(16), 2001, pp. 1627-1630
Yeast RAD4, its human ortholog Xp-C and their orthologs in other eukaryotes
are DNA repair proteins which participate in nucleotide excision repair th
rough a ubiquitin-dependent process. However, no conserved globular domains
that might have shed light on their origin or functions have been reported
for these proteins. By using sequence profile analysis, we show that RAD4/
Xp-C proteins contain the ancient transglutaminase fold and are specificall
y related to the recently characterized peptide-N-glycanases (PNGases) whic
h remove glycans from glycoproteins during their degradation. The PNGases r
etain the catalytic triad that is typical of this fold and are predicted to
have a reaction mechanism similar to that involved in transglutamination.
In contrast, the RAD4/Xp-C proteins are predicted to be inactive and are li
kely to only possess the protein interaction function in DNA repair. These
proteins also contain a long, low-complexity insert in the globular transgl
utaminase domain. The RAD4/Xp-C proteins, along with other inactive transgl
utaminase-fold proteins, represent a case of functional re-assignment of an
ancient domain following the loss of the ancestral enzymatic activity.