Hepatitis B virus infection in native versus immigrant or adopted childrenin Italy following the compulsory vaccination

Background: Compulsory vaccination of children against hepatitis B virus (H BV) infection was introduced in Italy in 1991. Patients and Methods: To evaluate the current importance of pediatric HBV i nfection, we studied 359 HBsAg-positive children admitted to 16 centers in Italy from 1991 to 1998. 185 patients were natives of Italy and 174 (39 imm igrants and 135 adopted) came from highly endemic countries (eastern Europe : 60.9%, Asia: 16.7%, Africa: 14.9% and Central. and South America: 5.7%). Results: Transaminase levels were moderately altered in both Italian (mean 134 UI/l) and foreign children (mean 168 UI/l). In total, 77% of Italian ch ildren and 88% of foreign children tested HBeAg positive. High transaminase levels and HBeAg positivity were more frequent in adopted children. Follow -up of 317 patients showed that the incidence of HBeAg/anti-HBe serum conve rsion was similar in all cohorts, but in adopted children it occurred at an earlier age and was associated with HBsAg clearance in 5%. Conclusion: HBV is not frequent in Italian children today, but it is common among children coming from highly endemic areas. The vaccination of nonimm une native populations must be strongly recommended.