Ej. Jensen et al., A conceptual model of the dehydration of air due to freeze-drying by optically thin, laminar cirrus rising slowly across the tropical tropopause, J GEO RES-A, 106(D15), 2001, pp. 17237-17252
In this study, we use a cloud model to simulate dehydration which occurs du
e to formation of optically thin, laminar cirrus as air rises slowly across
the tropopause. The slow ascent and adiabatic cooling, which balances the
radiative heating near the tropopause, drives nucleation of a very small nu
mber of ice crystals (< 1 L-1). These crystals grow rapidly and sediment ou
t within a few hours. The clouds never become optically thick enough to be
visible from the ground. The ice crystal nucleation and growth prevents the
relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI) from rising more than a few pe
rcent above the threshold for ice nucleation (RHInuc similar or equal to 11
0-160%, depending upon the aerosol composition); hence, laminar cirrus can
limit the mixing ratio of water vapor entering the stratosphere. However, t
he ice number densities are too low and their sedimentation is too rapid to
allow dehydration of the air from RHInuc, down to saturation (RHI = 100%).
The net result is that air crosses the tropopause with water vapor mixing
ratios about 1.1 to 1.6 times the ice saturation mixing ratio corresponding
to the tropopause temperature, depending on the threshold of ice nucleatio
n on aerosols in the tropopause region. If the cross-tropopause ascent rate
is larger than that calculated to balance radiative heating (0.2 cm s(-1))
, then larger ice crystal number densities are generated., and more effecti
ve dehydration is possible (assuming a fixed temperature). The water vapor
mixing ratio entering the stratosphere decreases with increasing ascent rat
e (approaching the tropopause ice saturation mixing ratio) until the vertic
al wind speed exceeds the ice crystal terminal velocity (about 10 cm s(-1))
. More effective dehydration can also be provided by temperature oscillatio
ns associated with wave motions. The water vapor mixing ratio entering the
stratosphere is essentially controlled by the tropopause temperature at the
coldest point in the wave. Hence, the efficiency of dehydration at the tro
popause depends upon both the effectiveness of upper tropospheric aerosols
as ice nuclei and the occurrence of wave motions in the tropopause region.
In situ humidity observations from tropical aircraft campaigns and balloon
launches over the past several years have provided a few examples of ice-su
persaturated air near the tropopause. However, given the scarcity of data a
nd the uncertainties in water vapor measurements, we lack definitive eviden
ce that air entering the stratosphere is supersaturated with respect to ice
.