Lr. Evangelista et G. Barbero, Adsorption phenomenon and external field effect on an isotropic liquid containing impurities - art. no. 021101, PHYS REV E, 6402(2), 2001, pp. 1101
The steady-state distribution of ionic charges in a liquid, in the presence
of surface adsorption, is determined. The effect of an electric field appl
ied by means of blocking electrodes is considered. The analysis shows that
the surface adsorption of ions dissolved in the liquid is responsible for a
n asymmetry in the electric-field distribution. In the model, the liquid is
assumed to be dielectric but to contain impurities. These impurities, by m
eans of a chemical reaction, can bring about ions. The theory takes into ac
count the activation energy for the ionization chemical reaction and the ad
sorption energy of the ions at the surface.