Interleukin-18 promotes sleep in rabbits and rats

Interleukin (IL)-1 beta is involved in physiological sleep regulation. IL-1 8 is a member of the IL-1 family, and its signal-transduction mechanism is similar to that of IL-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-18 might also b e involved in sleep regulation. Three doses of IL-18 (10, 100, and 500 ng) were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) into rabbits at the onset of the dark period. The two higher doses of IL-18 markedly increased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), accompanied by increases in brain temperature (Tbr). These effects were lost after the heat inactivation of IL-18. The 50 0 ng of IL-18 injection during the light period also increased NREMS and Tb r. Similar results were obtained after icv injection of 100 ng of IL-18 int o rats. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of 30 mug/kg of IL-18 slight ly, but significantly, increased NREMS, whereas it significantly decreased electroencephalogram slow-wave activity in rats. Intraperitoneal IL-18 fail ed to induce fever. An anti-human IL-18 antibody had little effect on spont aneous sleep in rabbits, although the anti-IL-18 antibody significantly att enuated muramyl dipeptide-induced sleep. These data suggest that IL-18 is i nvolved in mechanisms of sleep responses to infection.