Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems

Hierarchies and adaptive cycles comprise the basis of ecosystems and social -ecological systems across scales. Together they form a panarchy. The panar chy describes how a healthy system can invent and experiment, benefiting fr om inventions that create opportunity while being kept safe from those that destabilize because of their nature or excessive exuberance. Each level is allowed to operate at its own pace, protected from above by slower, larger levels but invigorated from below by faster, smaller cycles of innovation. The whole panarchy is therefore both creative and conserving. The interact ions between cycles in a panarchy combine learning with continuity. An anal ysis of this process helps to clarify the meaning of "sustainable developme nt." Sustainability is the capacity to create, test, and maintain adaptive capability. Development is the process of creating, testing, and maintainin g opportunity. The phrase that combines the two, "sustainable development," thus refers to the goal of fostering adaptive capabilities and creating op portunities. It is therefore not an oxymoron but a term that describes a lo gical partnership.