Chemical composition and source signature of spring aerosol in Seoul, Korea

The measurement of atmospheric aerosol was made in Seoul during the spring of 1998. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical charac teristics of atmospheric aerosol with an emphasis on the effect of Asian du st. Total suspended particles (TSP) and particles smaller than 10 mum (PM10 ) were collected during March-May 1998. For PM10, water-soluble ions and tr ace elements were analyzed: NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+ K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. All data were sorted into three groups on the basis of the intensity of Asian dust observed in Seoul: nond ust, regular dust, and heavy (Just. Chemical characteristics of aerosol wer e distinct for the heavy dust incidence compared to the other two cases. Th e average mass concentration of TSP and PM10 increased substantially during the heavy dust period. For water-soluble ions, concentrations of SO42- and NO3- were the lowest, whereas Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were remarkably enhanced. Concentrations and mass fraction of crustal elements such as Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn were highly elevated, but those of pollution-derived he avy metals were appreciably decreased. Enrichment ratios of metallic compon ents indicated that soil dust was the primary source of spring aerosols ove r Seoul. This was also confirmed by factor analysis. Trajectory analysis pr ovided a convincing evidence for the air mass coming from the Asian desert areas, which are the source region of mineral dust. In contrast, the anthro pogenic influence was more pronounced for the regular dust period: concentr ations of heavy metals, NO3-, and SO42- were the highest. It could be assoc iated with the transport of air mass over the industrialized regions of Chi na, which is demonstrated by backward trajectory analysis. The result of fa ctor analysis with high factor loadings in SO42- - and NO3- implied the con siderable influence of industrial emission on the composition of all spring aerosols over Korea.