Long-term proximity, relationships in a captive social group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

To visualize long-term social relationships among 12 gorillas in a captive breeding group at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA, the multid imensional scaling (MDS) procedure was applied to proximity (within 5 m) va lues collected in five different periods over 2.5 years. The resulting two- dimensional representations clearly show that in samples taken during this 2.5-year period, the silverback male was surrounded by five adult females, while three infant or young juvenile females, gathered in a body, remained between the silverback male and adult females. Some adult females maintaine d proximity to the silverback male more frequently than other adult females throughout the five periods. Unlike mountain gorillas in the wild, females with dependent offspring did not tend to stay near the silverback male mor e frequently than other females, and related females did not tend to spend more time near each other than non-related females. Three older juvenile or young adult males were plotted the furthest from the silverback male, with gradual changes with increasing age. The usefulness of the MDS procedure, which can be used to visualize easily and clearly the social relationships among individuals, is discussed from the viewpoint of the management of bre eding groups of captive gorillas. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.