Do eating habits differ according to alcohol consumption? Results of a study of the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC)

Background: The potential of dietary habits to confound the association bet ween alcohol consumption and health needs further study. Objective: We examined whether eating habits differed according to alcohol consumption in a large cohort of French women. Design: This was a cross-sectional study of the French cohort of the Europe an Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC). The coho rt was established in 1990 and includes 100000 women born between 1925 and 1950. Dietary data were obtained between 1993 and 1995 by using self-admini stered food-frequency questionnaires. About 73000 questionnaires were analy zed, and women were placed into 7 categories of alcohol consumption. Results: After adjustment for energy derived from alcohol, increasing alcoh ol consumption was associated with a higher total energy intake, a higher p ercentage of energy intake as protein and lipids, and higher intakes of cho lesterol, fatty acids, retinol, iron, and vitamin E. Conversely, energy pro vided by carbohydrates decreased with increasing alcohol consumption, as di d P-carotene intake. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with hig her consumption of animal products, cheese, potatoes, oil, bread, and break fast cereals and with lower consumption of vegetables and dairy products. Conclusion: In this population of middle-aged, highly educated French women , marked differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes were found ac cording to alcohol consumption. Part of the detrimental effect of alcohol o n health may be due to the less healthy dietary habits of drinkers. This po ints to a confounding role of eating habits and nutrient intakes in the rel ation between alcohol and health.