Jp. Keizer et al., Long-term ground water quality impacts from the use of hexazinone for the commercial production of lowbush blueberries, GR WATER M, 21(3), 2001, pp. 128-135
Lowbush blueberries, native to eastern Canada and Maine, are an important e
conomic crop in these areas. Herbicides containing the active ingredient he
xazinone are commonly applied to blueberry fields, and there is a high freq
uency of detection of relatively low concentrations of hexazinone in domest
ic wells located close to areas of lowbush blueberry production. The object
ive of this study was to determine the long-term impacts from hexazinone-ba
sed herbicide use on ground water quality in the immediate growing areas.
Physical and chemical hydrogeologic data were collected for an outwash sand
and gravel aquifer in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. The majority of
the land overlying the aquifer is devoted to lowbush blueberry production.
Twenty-one nested monitoring wells were sampled for hexazinone and hexazino
ne metabolites over a four-year period. Hexazinone was consistently detecte
d at values of 1 to 8 parts per billion (ppb) in all but two of these wells
, one that is upgradient of herbicide applications, and one that is downgra
dient with anoxic conditions. Hexazinone metabolites B and Al were also det
ected in all but two of the 21 wells at values ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 ppb.
The hexazinone and metabolite data suggest both aerobic and anaerobic degr
adation of hexazinone. Complete degradation of hexazinone appears to occur
only in the one downgradient well exhibiting anoxic ground water conditions
. Concentrations of hexazinone and its metabolites in the ground water were
essentially constant over the four-year period.