Geographic variation in incidence of coronary heart disease in Britain: the contribution of established risk factors

Objective-To determine the extent to which geographic variation in the inci dence of major coronary heart disease (CHD) in Great Britain may be explain ed by established risk factors. Design-Prospective study. Setting-24 British towns with widely differing CHD mortality. Subjects-7735 men followed up from screening in 1978-80 for 15 years. Main outcome measures-Percentage of variance between the towns in major CHD incidence that can be explained by individual characteristics of men in th e towns. Results Age standardised incidence rates over a 15 year period varied from 0.52% per annum in Maidstone to 1.07% per annum in Dewsbury and tended to f ollow the known pattern of higher rates in Scottish and northern English to wns and lower rates in southern English towns ("north-south gradient"). Hig her town incidence rates were related to prevalence of current cigarette sm oking, low physical activity, and low alcohol consumption, and to mean body mass index, mean systolic blood pressure, low mean height, and prevalence of manual social class, but not to mean serum total cholesterol. The 95% ra nge for true age adjusted CHD incidence (over 15 years) was estimated as 0. 58-1.03% per annum among British towns. After adjustment for baseline smoki ng status, physical activity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, systoli c blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, occupational social class, and h eight, this variation was reduced by 50%. A model based on these eight vari ables accounted for the major part of the north-south gradient. Conclusions-Much of the variation in CHD incidence among British towns was accounted for by established risk variables. The remaining unexplained vari ation may be related to measurement error in the established risk variables , to environmental factors such as climate, or to the combined effect of a wide range of minor risk factors.