A chromium-thulium-holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser can be us
ed for lithotripsy in cattle; most types of uroliths can be fragmented with
a Ho:YAG laser.
Ischial urethrotomy provides rapid access to the bladder for catheterizatio
n and to the obstructive uroliths for lithotripsy in cattle with obstructiv
e urolithiasis; however, the incidence of complications associated with sec
ond intention healing of ischial urethrotomies is unknown.