Risk factors of lung cancer in Chandigarh, India

Background & objectives: There is a paucity of data from India on the risk factors for lung cancer. In the present paper results of a case-control stu dy on lung cancer undertaken at Chandigarh, north India, are described. Methods: Two hundred and sixty five (235 men, 30 women) histologically conf irmed patients of lung cancer and 525 (435 men, 90 women) hospital controls matched for age and sex were interviewed according ta a pre-designed quest ionnaire. Effects of individual variables defining the various aspects of t obacco smoking, indoor and outdoor air pollution and occupational exposures were assessed using unconditional logistic regression models.. Results: Eighty nine per cent of men and 33 per cent of women among the pat ients were ever-smokers as compared to 60 per cent of men and 20 per cent o f women among controls. The Odds Ratio (OR) for ever-smoking was 5.0 (CI 3. 11-8.04) among men and 2.47 (CI 0.79-7.75) among women. Among the patients, men were found to smoke a higher average number of cigarette-equivalents p er day, for longer duration and started at an earlier age as. compared to c ontrols. Smoking of bidi and hooka as well as cigarettes. had similar ORs f or cumulative consumption. ORs for female smokers were lower than those for mate smokers. Cumulative exposure of > 45 yr in women to indoor air pollut ion from use of coal or wood for cooking or heating showed an OR of 1.43 (C I 0.33-6.30). Residence in urban areas did not entail an increased risk for developing lung cancer. Very few subjects studied were employed in high-ri sk occupations. Interpretation & conclusions: Smoking (cigarettes or bidis) was the princip le risk factor for causation of lung cancer among men.. In women there coul d be several other risk factors besides smoking, as the association with sm oking was not as strong.