Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia

Aims: This study compared the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifo lia (tea tree) oil with that of some of its components, both individually a nd in two-component combinations. Methods and Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill assays revealed that terpinen-4-ol, the principal active component of tea tree oil , was more active on its own than when present in tea tree oil. Combination s of terpinen-4-ol and either gamma -terpinene or p-cymene produced similar activities to tea tree oil. Concentration-dependent reductions in terpinen -4-ol activity and solubility also occurred in the presence of gamma -terpi nene. Conclusions: Non-oxygenated terpenes in tea tree oil appear to reduce terpi nen-4-ol efficacy by lowering its aqueous solubility. Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings explain why tea tree o il can be less active in vitro than terpinen-4-ol alone and further suggest that the presence of a non-aqueous phase in tea tree oil formulations may limit the microbial availability of its active components.