Consciousness, control, and confidence: The 3 Cs of recognition memory

The contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition memory per formance were examined using the process dissociation, remember-know, and r eceiver operating characteristic (ROC) procedures. Under standard test cond itions the 3 measurement procedures led to process estimates that were almo st identical and to similar conclusions regarding the effects of different encoding manipulations. Dividing attention led to a large decrease in recol lection and a smaller, sometimes nonsignificant, decrease in familiarity. S emantic compared with perceptual processing led to a large increase in reco llection and a moderate increase in familiarity. Moreover, the results show ed that familiarity was well described by classical signal-detection theory but that recollection reflected a threshold process. The convergence obser ved across the 3 measurement procedures shows that the 3 procedures tap sim ilar underlying processes and that recollection and familiarity differ in t erms of conscious awareness, intentional control, and the manner in which t hey contribute to the shape of response confidence ROCs.