Noncervicofacial atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis in childhood

Background/Purpose: Atypical mycobacterial (AM) lymphadenitis is common in children but rarely occurs outside the cervicofacial region. The authors re port their experience in the diagnosis and management of noncervicofacial A M lymphadenitis. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of cases diagnosed at our ins titution between January 1976 and December 1999, based on positive culture of atypical mycobacteria or consistent histology with supportive skin testi ng. Results: Thirty-seven patients were identified over the 23-year review peri od. The median age was 4.3 years (range, 8 months to 13 years and 5 months) , with 19 boys and 17 girls. The median duration of symptoms was 4 weeks, a nd the most commonly affected sites were the inguinal region (n=17), axilla (n=8), and lower limb (n=6). Preceding local trauma was described in 10 pa tients and a viral illness in 4. Laboratory culture for atypical mycobacter ia was positive in 22, and skin testing suggestive in 21 and equivocal in 2 . Treatment was by excision in 28 and drainage with or without curettage in 9. At a median follow-up of 19.7 months, disease had recurred in 4 patient s, none of whom had been treated initially by excision. Conclusions: Atypical mycobacterial infection is an uncommon cause of nonce rvicofacial lymphadenitis in children. It typically presents with a 4-week history of painless regional lymphadenopathy that may follow penetrating tr auma. If untreated, the overlying skin becomes involved with a violaceous d iscoloration, and ulceration may occur. Definitive treatment involves compl ete surgical excision, preferably before suppuration extending beyond the i nvolved lymph nodes. J Pediatr Surg 36:1337-1340. Copyright (C) 2001 by W.B . Saunders Company.