Echocardiographic characteristics and outcome of straddling mitral valve

OBJECTIVES This study sought to characterize the echocardiographic features of straddling mitral valve (SMV) and to determine its surgical implication s and midterm outcome in a large clinical cohort. BACKGROUND Despite a relatively large body of literature on the postmortem anatomy of SMV, there is a paucity of information regarding its echo cardio graphic features, surgical implications and preoperative predictors of outc ome. METHODS A retrospective review identified 46 patients with SMV between 1982 and 1999 who underwent echocardiography and surgery and had follow-up data . A detailed review of the echocardiograms, surgical reports and all pertin ent records was undertaken. RESULTS Review of the echocardiograms revealed a widely varying anatomy amo ng the study patients. However, four distinct groups with relatively unifor m morphologic features could be distinguished on the basis of segmental ana lysis. Cardiac malposition associated with right ventricular hypoplasia, su perior-inferior ventricles and criss-cross atrioventricular relations were common among patients with {S,D,L} S = visceroatrial situs solitus, D = D-v entricular loop, L = L-malposition of the great arteries) (n = 6) and {S,L, D) (n = 5) segmental combinations but were rare among patients with {S,D,D} (n = 26) and (S,L,L) (n = 9) combinations. Surgical management consisted o f a functional single-ventricle palliation in 38 patients (83%) and biventr icular repair in 8 patients (17%). Overall mortality was 22%, but none of t he seven patients who were operated on during the cohort's last five years (1994 to 1999) has died. By multivariate analysis, noncommitted ventricular septal defect was the strongest independent predictor of death (relative r isk = 10.2), followed by multiple ventricular septal defects (relative risk = 4.7). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that echocardiography provides detailed noninvasive imaging of the complex anatomic features of SMV and its associ ated anomalies. Anatomic classification based on segmental analysis allows the distinction of four groups with more uniform morphologic features. Alth ough a biventricular approach is feasible in selected patients, a functiona l univentricular palliation is indicated in those with major straddling and markedly hypoplastic ventricles. (C) 2001 by the American College of Cardi ology.