A cryogenic silicon 111 cooling system has been developed for the fixed exi
t double-crystal monochromators. The first crystal is subjected to 76 W/mm(
2) with a total heat load of 693 W. The cooling of the crystals is contact
cooling. Two types of the closed loop liquid nitrogen cooler are being used
to cool the crystals. One is the system to cool the outer-surface of the c
irculating nitrogen pipe with evaporation of liquid nitrogen. The other sys
tem uses helium refrigerators to cool the circulating nitrogen, which was d
eveloped for the SPring-8 standard undulator beamlines. (C) 2001 Elsevier S
cience B.V. All rights reserved.