Repeatability of choku-tsuki and oi-tsuki in Shotokan karate: A 3-dimensional analysis with thirteen black-belt karateka

13 black-belt karateka performed two different standardized counteroffensiv e techniques. The trajectories of selected body landmarks were studied by u sing a computerized image analyzer that allows a 3-dimensional reconstructi on of standardized movements. The repeatability of both karate techniques w as quantified for each participant. Analysis confirmed that more experience d karateka obtained the best repeatability, as already demonstrated in a pr eliminary study conducted with a smaller sample of less experienced partici pants.