Medical aspects of jellyfish envenomation: pathogenesis, case reporting and therapy

With larger human population numbers and their need for recreation, contact between humans and jellyfish is increasing. The pathogenesis of cnidarian stings is discussed here and some of the factors influencing the variabilit y in adverse reactions they produce are mentioned. The pharmakinetics of ve nom delivery determines the organ site of damage and the extent of abnormal ity. Since venoms can injure man by allergic or toxic reactions, the differ ences between these processes is elucidated. Toxic reactions predominate an d allergic ones are unusual. A more complete list of disease entities cause d by jellyfish stings has been compiled. These sting reactions may be local , systemic, chronic or fatal. Most follow cutaneous stinging but some occur after stings to the eye or following ingestion. Increased case loads and e xperience has also lead to a more comprehensive understanding of sting path ogenesis and treatment. Accordingly, the principles of prevention and first aid therapy are outlined. Finally, some recommendations for more complete recording of adverse stings are suggested.