Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research

The field of organizational justice continues to be marked by several impor tant research questions, including the size of relationships among justice dimensions, the relative importance of different justice criteria, and the unique effects of justice dimensions on key outcomes. To address such quest ions, the authors conducted a meta-analytic review of 183 justice studies. The results suggest that although different justice dimensions are moderate ly to highly related, they contribute incremental variance explained in fai rness perceptions. The results also illustrate the overall and unique relat ionships among distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational j ustice and several organizational outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, organiz ational commitment, evaluation of authority, organizational citizenship beh avior, withdrawal, performance). These findings are reviewed in terms of th eir implications for future research on organizational justice.