A major issue in all data collection for molecular phylogenetics is taxon s
ampling, which refers to the use of data from only a small representative s
et of species for inferring higher-level evolutionary history. Insufficient
taxon sampling is often cited as a significant source of error in phylogen
etic studies, and consequently, acquisition of large data sets is advocated
. To test this assertion, we have conducted computer simulation studies by
using natural collections of evolutionary parameters-rates of evolution, sp
ecies sampling, and gene lengths-determined from data available in genomic
databases. A comparison of the true tree with trees constructed by using ta
xa subsamples and trees constructed by using all taxa shows that the amount
of phylogenetic error per internal branch is similar; a result that holds
true for the neighbor-joining, minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, and ma
ximum likelihood methods. Furthermore, our results show that even though tr
ees inferred by using progressively larger taxa subsamples of a real data s
et become increasingly similar to trees inferred by using the full sample,
all inferred trees are equidistant from the true tree in terms of phylogene
tic error per internal branch. Our results suggest that longer sequences, r
ather than extensive sampling, will better improve the accuracy of phylogen
etic inference.