This paper applies a refined market power test to examine market power in t
he U.S. aluminum industry. The study conducts a two-step analysis in which
the inverse residual demand facing the industry is first estimated to gener
ate the associate elasticity to infer market power, and then the inverse pa
rtial residual demand facing the industry is estimated to produce the elast
icity to measure the potential effect of inter-industry coordination. The r
esults suggest that only the primary industry attains market power, and the
market power can exert even without collusion between the primary and seco
ndary industries.