Antifibrinolytic agents and desmopressin as hemostatic agents in cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To review the use of systemic hemostatic medications for reducin g bleeding and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery. DATA SOURCES: Articles were obtained through computerized searches involvin g MEDLINE (from 1966 to September 2000). Additionally, several textbooks co ntaining information on the diagnosis and management of bleeding associated with cardiac surgery were reviewed. The bibliographies of retrieved public ations and textbooks were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION: Due to the large number of randomized investigations invol ving systemic hemostatic medications for reducing bleeding associated with cardiac surgery, the article selection process focused on recent randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and pharmacoeconomic evaluations. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcomes extracted from the literature were bl ood loss and associated transfusion requirements, although other outcome me asures such as mortality were extracted when available. DATA SYNTHESIS: Although the majority of investigations for reducing cardia c bleeding and transfusion requirements have involved aprotinin, evidence f rom recent meta-analyses and randomized trials indicates that the synthetic antifibrinolytic agents, aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, have simil ar clinical efficacy. Additionally, aminocaproic acid (and to a lesser exte nt tranexamic acid) is much less costly. More comparative information of he mostatic agents is needed relative to other outcomes (e.g., reoperation rat es, myocardial infarction, stroke). There is insufficient evidence to recom mend the use of desmopressin for reducing bleeding and transfusion requirem ents in cardiac surgery, although certain subsets of patients may benefit f rom its use. CONCLUSIONS: Of the medications that have been used to reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery, the antifibrinolytic agents have the best evidence supporting their use. Aminocaproic acid is the least costly therapy based on medication costs and transfusion requirements.