Secret and public key image watermarking schemes for image authentication and ownership verification

We describe a watermarking scheme for ownership verification and authentica tion. Depending on the desire of the user, the watermark can be either visi ble or invisible. The scheme can detect any modification made to the image and indicate the specific locations that have been modified. If the correct key is specified in the watermark extraction procedure, then an output ima ge is returned showing a proper watermark, indicating the image is authenti c and has not been changed since the insertion of the watermark. Any modifi cation would be reflected in a corresponding error in the watermark. If the key is incorrect, or if the image was not watermarked, or if the watermark ed image is cropped, the watermark extraction algorithm will return an imag e that resembles random noise. Since it requires a user key during both the insertion and the extraction procedures, it is not possible for an unautho rized user to insert a new watermark or alter the existing watermark so tha t the resulting image will pass the test. We present secret key and public key versions of the technique.