Past, present, and future perspectives of small ruminant dairy research

The objectives of this paper are to review small ruminant dairy research in relation to the dimensions of the dairy goat and dairy sheep industries in the United States and the world. At least 10 countries depend on goats and sheep for between 30 to 76% of total milk supply. Leading among developed countries is Greece producing 178 kg milk per person per year with 61% from sheep and goats. Most developing countries need research, extension servic e, and public support to improve apparent productivity of goats and sheep. Domestic supply from all milk sources is < 100 kg/person per year, and annu al apparent yields average < 100 kg of milk/goat, < 50 kg of milk/sheep, wh ich makes supplies of animal protein and calcium from domestic sources very low. Statistical data on goat and sheep production for United States are n ot available. The small population of DHIA tested US dairy goats averaged i n recent years > 700 kg of milk/goat per year, and. some dairy sheep breeds may produce as much as 650 kg/yr. The need for more milk availability appe ars to be reflected in the dramatic increases of dairy goat populations dur ing the last 20 yr: 52% for the world, 56% for developing, 17% for develope d countries, while sheep populations decreased by 3% for the world, by 6% i n developed, but increased 14% in developing countries. Research has been s parse on the unique qualities of goat and sheep milk compared with cow milk . Much development work by various agencies has been devoted to reducing mo rtality and improving feed supplies in harmony with the environment; this w ork is mostly published in proceedings of scientific meetings, often not in English. Results have shown in many cases that dairy goats and dairy sheep can be very profitable, even in developing countries with difficult climat e and topographical conditions.