Js. Im et al., An assessment of hygroscopic growth factors for aerosols in the surface boundary layer for computing direct radiative forcing, J GEO RES-A, 106(D17), 2001, pp. 20213-20224
Aerosol optical properties in the southeastern United States were measured
at two research sites in close horizontal proximity but at different altitu
des at Black Mountain (35.66 degreesN, 82.38 degreesW, 951 m msl) and Mount
Gibbes (35.78 degreesN, 82.29 degreesW, 2006 in msl) to estimate the direc
t radiative forcing in the lowest 1 km layer of the troposphere during the
summer of 1998. Measurements of light scattering and light absorption at am
bient relative humidity (RH) are categorized by air mass type (polluted con
tinental, marine with some continental influence, continental) according to
48-hour back-trajectory analysis. At a wavelength of 530 nm the average to
tal scattering coefficient (sigma (sp)) measured at the valley site was 1.4
6 x 10(-4) m(-1) for polluted continental air masses, 7.25 x 10(-5) m(-1) f
or marine air masses, and 8.36 x 10(-5) m(-1) for continental air masses. T
he ratio of sigma (sp) at the mountain site to sigma (sp) at the valley sit
e was 0.64, 0.58, and 0.45 for polluted continental, marine, and continenta
l air masses, respectively. The hygroscopic growth factor (sigma (sp)(RH =
80%)/sigma (sp)(RH = 30%)) was calculated to be almost a constant value of
1.60 +/- 0.01 for polluted continental, marine, and continental air masses.
As the RH increased from 30% to 80%, the backscatter fraction decreased by
23%. On the basis of these measurements, direct radiative climate forcing
(DeltaF(R)) by aerosols in the lowest 1 km layer of the troposphere was est
imated. The patterns of DeltaF(R) for various values of RH were similar for
the three air masses, but the magnitudes of DeltaF(R)(RH) were larger for
polluted continental air masses than for marine and continental air masses
by a factor of about 2 due to higher sulfate concentration in polluted cont
inental air masses. The average value of DeltaF(R)(RH = 80%)/DeltaF(R)(RH =
30%) was calculated to be almost a constant value of 1.45 +/- 0.01 for all
three types of air masses. This implies little dependence of the forcing r
atio on the air mass type. The averaged DeltaF(R) for all the observed ambi
ent RHs, in the lowest 1 km layer during the 3-month summer period, was -2.
95 W m(-2) (the negative forcing of -3.24 W m(-2) by aerosol scattering plu
s the positive forcing of +0.30 W m(-2) by aerosol absorption) for polluted
continental air masses, -1.43 W m(-2) (-1.55 plus +0.12) for marine air ma
sses, and -1.50 W m(-2) (-1.63 plus +0.14) for continental air masses. The
DeltaF(R) for polluted continental air masses was approximately twice that
of marine and continental air masses. These forcing estimates are calculate
d from continuous in situ measurements of scattering and absorption by aero
sols without assumptions for Mie calculations and global mean column burden
of sulfates and black carbon (in g m(-2)) used in most of the model comput
ations.