The electronic structure of polymer-metal interfaces studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy has come of age. UPS can take its pl ace beside its older, better-known sister, ESCA (or XPS) as a surface sensi tive method which has become more useful in learning certain specific thing s about interfaces at distances significantly larger than the typical elect ron elastic mean-free-paths dictated by the photon energies employed, In pa rticular, the emergence of UPS as a real tool for interfacial studies has b een applications driven, evolving after needs within polymer-based electron ics applications. The situation is clarified through the use of several exa mples, drawn from the applications-spectroscopy literature. (C) 2001 Publis hed by Elsevier Science B.V.