Autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring with myelodysplastic syndrome: report of a pediatric case and review of the literature

In this case report, we present a child who was admitted to hospital with t he features of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and was diagnosed with my elodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-related AIHA. A 14-yearold female patient was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaints of palpitation, icterus, and fatigue for 2 months. She was pale and icteric. Diffuse hepatosplenome galy was palpated. Hematological examination revealed a hemoglobin of 3.4 g /dl, red blood cell count of 2x10(12)/l, white blood cell count of 3x10(9)/ l, platelet count of 14x10(9)/l, and reticulocyte count of 1.7%. Blood smea r examination revealed significant anisocytosis, poikilocytosis. and tear d rop cells. The direct Coomb's test was positive. Bone marrow aspirate showe d hypercellularity, micromegakaryocytes, dyserythropoiesis, and dysmyelopoi esis with 2% blasts. The patient was diagnosed with MDS-refractory anemia a nd AIHA secondary to MDS. Rarely, AIHA can occur secondary to MDS. To our k nowledge, this patient is the first pediatric case with MDS and AIHA report ed in the literature.