Kinetic properties of the acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase from Pasteurella haemolytica A2

Neuroinvasive and septicaemia-causing pathogens often display a polysialic acid capsule that is involved in invasive behaviour. N-Acetylneuraminic aci d (NeuAc) is the basic monomer of polysialic acid. The activated form, CMP- Neu5Ac, is synthesized by the acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase (ACT; EC 2.7.7.43). We have purified this enzyme from Pasteurella haemolytica A2 to apparent homogeneity (522-fold). The protein behaved homogeneously on SDS/ PAGE as a 43 kDa band, a size similar to that of Escherichia coli, calf, mo use and rat. Specific activity in crude lysate displayed one of the highest values cited in the literature (153 m-units/mg). We have studied the stead y-state kinetic mechanism of the enzyme by using normalized plot premises. The catalysis proceeds through a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism, with CTP as the first substrate and CMP-NeuAc as the last product. The true K-m values wer e 1.77 mM for CTP and 1.82 mM for NeuAc. The nucleotides CDP, UTP, UDP and TTP, and the modified sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid were also subst rates of the ACT activity. The enzyme is inhibited by cytidine nucleotides through binding to a second cytidyl-binding site. This inhibition is greate r with nucleotides that display a long phosphate tail, and the genuine inhi bitor is the substrate CTP. At physiological concentrations, ATP is an acti vator, and AMP an inhibitor, of the ACT activity. The activated sugar UDP-N -acetylglucosamine acts as an inhibitor, thus suggesting cross-regulation o f the peptidoglycan and polysialic acid pathways. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the nature of sialic acid activation and suggest new targets for the approach to the pathogenesis of encapsulated bacteria.