EXPOSURE OF THE OPERATIVE FIELD IN LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY

Endoscopic surgery, as a result of over 90 years of investigation, has now become the most innovative part of general surgery; every procedu re in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity, intraperitoneal or extra peritoneal, has been reviewed for feasibility. The basic principles in the management of surgical patients, however, have not changed: adequ ate exposure and good lighting remain important and may become more im portant with endoscopic techniques. Historical review shows the depend ence of advances in laparoscopy upon technical development in the fiel d of intraabdominal exposure as the result of two objectives: namely a bdominal wall displacement and bowel retraction.