T. Kume et al., The murine winged helix transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are both required for cardiovascular development and somitogenesis, GENE DEV, 15(18), 2001, pp. 2470-2482
The murine Foxc1/Mf1 and Foxc2/Mfh1 genes encode closely related forkhead/w
inged helix transcription factors with overlapping expression in the formin
g somites and head mesoderm and endothelial and mesenchymal cells of the de
veloping heart and blood vessels. Embryos lacking either Foxc1 or Foxc2, an
d most compound heterozygotes, die pre- or perinatally with similar abnorma
l phenotypes, including defects in the axial skeleton and cardiovascular sy
stem. However, somites and major blood vessels do form. This suggested that
the genes have similar, dose-dependent functions, and compensate for each
other in the early development of the heart, blood vessels, and somites. In
support of this hypothesis, we show here that compound Foxc1; Foxc2 homozy
gotes die earlier and with much more severe defects than single homozygotes
alone. Significantly, they have profound abnormalities in the first and se
cond branchial arches, and the early remodeling of blood vessels. Moreover,
they show a complete absence of segmented paraxial mesoderm, including ant
erior somites. Analysis of compound homozygotes shows that Foxc1 and Foxc2
are both required for transcription in the anterior presomitic mesoderm of
paraxis, Mesp1, Mesp2, Hes5, and Notch1, and for the formation of sharp bou
ndaries of Dll1, Lfng, and ephrinB2 expression. We propose that the two gen
es interact with the Notch signaling pathway and are required for the prepa
tterning of anterior and posterior domains in the presumptive somites throu
gh a putative Notch/Delta/Mesp regulatory loop.