Secondary traumatic stress, psychological distress, sharing of traumatic reminisces, and marital quality among spouses of holocaust child survivors

In this study, we examined the issue of secondary traumatic stress (STS) am ong spouses of Holocaust survivors who were children during the World War I L STS is defined as comprising the same components as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), except that the person evidencing the symptoms has not act ually been exposed to the traumatic event(s), but has developed them as a r esult of caring for someone with PTSD. Participants were 90 couples who com pleted self-report questionnaires regarding posttraumatic symptoms, psychol ogical distress, and marital quality. The results showed that about one-thi rd of the spouses suffered from some degree of STS symptoms. Secondary trau matic stress symptoms and psychological distress among spouses were signifi cantly, related to hostility, anger, paranoia, and interpersonal sensitivit y in the survivor but unrelated to whether the survivor had shared his/her reminiscences with the spouse. Female spouses were found to suffer more dis tress than male spouses, especially when their partner suffered high levels of PTSD. The results suggest that STS is, to a large degree, related to th e demands of living with a symptomatic survivor possibly, more than to the empathic element thought to be central to this syndrome.