Cybernetics and the social sciences

Cybernetics was formulated by its founders as a metadiscipline with the aim not only of fostering collaboration between disciplines (interdisciplinari ty), but also of sharing knowledge across disciplines (transdisciplinarity) . In this paper the relationship between cybernetics and the social science s is reviewed. The distinction between first and second (in general, higher ) order forms of cybernetics is introduced to characterize three approaches to the study of social systems. The three approaches are described as idea l types; it is acknowledged that in practice investigators may draw on more than one of the approaches and that there are contexts in which the distin ctions between them become fuzzy. The three approaches are: studies of social systems and social behaviour that adopt classical scienti fic modes of investigation; studies that investigate the interactions of social actors; approaches that attempt to characterise social systems as distinct forms of autonomous whole. Pask's conversation theory, with its concept of the 'psychological individu al', is introduced as a theory that is explicitly designed to build a bridg e between the second and third approaches. Copyright (C) 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.