In this review, the different components of the renin-angiotensin system (R
AS) in invertebrates are discussed. This system is implicated in osmoregula
tion, reproduction, memory processes and immune system regulation. As the e
lements of this hormone-enzymatic system also exist in invertebrates, it ap
pears that the RAS originated very early in evolution. (C) 2001 Elsevier Sc
ience B V All rights reserved.