Lunar dust: A negative control for biomarker analyses of extraterrestrial samples?

The purpose of this study was to assess, for the first time, the presence o f muramic acid (Mur) and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs), chemical markers for terrestrial bacteria in "curated" lunar samples by use of state-of-the -art gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Apollo lunar sample c ollection has been stored, under isolation conditions, at the Johnson Space Center since 1969. Markers were absent in three of the four samples analyz ed. However, one sample clearly contained markers for Earth bacteria (83-46 9 ppb for 3-OH FAs and 156 ppb for Mur). The bacterial markers were present at several orders of magnitude higher levels in terrestrial dust (7.6-36.9 X 10(3) ppb for 3-OH FAs and 125.3 X 10(3) ppb for Mur). The lunar sample containing markers consisted of dust rinsed from flight hardware, suggestin g terrestrial biocontamination as the source. In conclusion, pristine lunar dust is strikingly different from terrestrial dust in lacking chemical mar kers for terrestrial bacteria. It is suggested that future life detection s tudies of other samples of extraterrestrial origin (e.g., from Mars) might be greatly aided by concurrent analysis of chemical markers for terrestrial bacteria and by including pristine lunar dust to provide a negative baseli ne. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.