Pseudotachylytes (i.e., rocks formed by frictional melting) have been obser
ved in the Nojima fault that was penetrated by the Hirabayashi borehole dri
lled 1 year after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. These rocks d
isplay millimeter-scale banding defined by different pseudotachylyte layers
. The nature of unmolten crystal fragments (K-feldspar, albite, calcite, an
d/or quartz) allows us to infer a minimum melting temperature of 1200 degre
esC. The glass has a 8 +/- 3% volatile content and a higher CaO content tha
n that of the parent granodiorite, thus suggesting that pseudotachylyte for
mation occurred in an already altered, calcite-bearing and hydrated fault z
one. Fluid inclusions have been observed in the glass and are filled with a
dense low-salinity (4.3 +/- 1.2 wt % eq. NaCl) CO2-H2O fluid characterized
by steep isochoric curves. The intersection between the isochores and the
measured 24 degreesC/km geothermal gradient indicates a minimum 15 km depth
for the pseudotachylyte formation. Such a depth suggests that an important
uplift has brought the studied pseudotachylytes to their present position
and that these pseudotachylytes are probably pre-Miocene in age. The calcul
ated thermal evolution of a typical millimeter-scale pseudotachylyte layer
indicates that cooling does not last more than a few seconds. This indicate
s that related seismic processes, such as deceleration of fault movement an
d healing of the fault, were both very rapid. The geometry and thermal budg
et of the millimeter-thick pseudotachylytes suggest that seismic events of
magnitude 6 to 7 are responsible for their formation.