Endogenous nitric oxide mechanisms mediate the stretch dependence of Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes

Stretching of cardiac muscle modulates contraction through the enhancement of the Ca2+ transient, but how this occurs is still not known. We found tha t stretching of myocytes modulates the elementary Ca2+ release process from ryanodine-receptor Ca2+-release channels (RyRCs), Ca2+ sparks and the elec trically stimulated Ca2+ transient. Stretching induces PtdIns-3-OH kinase ( PI(3)K)-dependent phosphorylation of both Akt and the endothelial isoform o f nitric oxide synthase (NOS), nitric oxide (NO) production, and a proporti onate increase in Ca2+-spark frequency that is abolished by inhibiting NOS and PI(3)K. Exogenously generated NO reversibly increases Ca2+-spark freque ncy without cell stretching. We propose that myocyte NO produced by activat ion of the PI(3)K-Akt-endothelial NOS axis acts as a second messenger of st retch by enhancing RyRC activity, contributing to myocardial contractile ac tivation.