The role of CTLA-4 in inducing the production of transforming growth factor
beta (TGF-beta) from T cells during a Leishmania infection has only recent
ly been recognized. However, CTLA-4 and TGF-beta affect T helper cells diff
erently, depending on the maturation. This review discusses the data obtain
ed from different experimental models and demonstrates that CTLA-4 is a tar
get molecule for vaccination and therapy against leishmaniasis.