Urethritis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis: Comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick test of first-voided urine and methylene blue-stained urethral smear as predictors of chlamydial infection

The use of nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of C. trachom atis has made it possible to send urine samples instead of urethral swab sp ecimens to the laboratory. The sensitivity is very high, but not 100%, and we continue to perform a test for urethritis at our STD clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two alternative tests in the d iagnosis of urethritis as predictors of C. trachomatis infection: the leuko cyte esterase (LE) dipstick test of first-voided urine and polymorphonuclea r leukocyte counts in a methylene blue-stained (MBS) urethral smear. Urine samples from 480 male patients attending an STD clinic were analysed using the LE test and LCR assay for C. trachomatis; urethral samples were analyse d with MBS urethral smear and LCR. The majority (75.8%) of the 480 patients examined were asymptomatic. Chlamydial infection was detected in 50 patien ts. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the LE te st for predicting C. trachomatis infection were 46.0, 91.6 and 39.0%, respe ctively, among all patients examined and 25.9, 95.8 and 33.3%, respectively , among the asymptomatic patients. The corresponding values for the MBS ure thral smear were 76.0, 82.1 and 33.0% among all patients and 63.0, 89.6 and 32.7% among the asymptomatic patients. At our STD clinic we chose to perfo rm the examination of MBS urethral smears in the diagnosis of urethritis be cause of its higher sensitivity relative to the LE test for predicting C. t rachomatis.