S. Kelleher et al., Influence of implantation site and track geometry on the extrusion rate and pharmacology of testosterone implants, CLIN ENDOCR, 55(4), 2001, pp. 531-536
Background Implantation of testosterone pellets under the lateral abdominal
wall skin is an old but popular and effective form of androgen replacement
therapy. Extrusion of one or more pellets remains the most frequent advers
e event.
Objective To determine whether an alternative implantation site (hip) and/o
r track geometry (two vs. four tracks) would reduce extrusion rates compare
d with the standard of a four-track abdominal site. Additionally, the study
aimed to evaluate the effects of site and track geometry on other adverse
effects (bruising, infection) and the pharmacology of testosterone release
from the implants.
Design A prospective, parallel-group unmasked study design in a single cent
re. The primary objective was to evaluate sites, with evaluation of track g
eometry a subordinate objective made necessary by anatomical differences. A
ccordingly, androgen deficient men requiring testosterone implantation with
the standard dose (four 200 mg pellets) were randomized into one of three
groups (ratio 1:1:2): a four-track abdomen site (standard), a two-track abd
omen site or a two-track hip site. The pharmacological substudy was to eval
uate the impact of site and track geometry on testosterone implant pharmaco
logy by monthly hormone assays following implantation.
Patients Two hunded and forty-six implantation procedures involving 96 andr
ogen deficient men.
Measurements The primary end-point, extrusion rate per procedure, and secon
dary end-points (bruising or infection post procedure) were evaluated prosp
ectively by self-report from the participants, and verified when they retur
ned next for implantation. The pharmacology substudy involved monthly blood
sampling for hormone (total and free testosterone, LH, FSH) measurements.
Results The extrusion rate was significantly higher [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6,
95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-7.1] for the hip site (15/125, 12%) compa
red with the abdominal site (6/121, 5%). Track geometry made no significant
difference (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.2-5.4) to the extrusion rate. No secondary
end-points (bruising, infection) were significantly different according to
either site or track geometry. One operator who performed the implant proc
edures had significantly less primary and secondary adverse events than the
other operators (P=0.006). Neither implantation site, nor track geometry i
nfluenced pharmacokinetics [peak plasma total and free testosterone concent
rations and net hormone release(area-under-curve,AUC)] or pharmacodynamics
[nadir plasma LH and FSH and net suppression (AUC) in men with hypergonadot
rophic hypogonadism].
Conclusions We conclude that the hip site has a higher extrusion rate than
the standard abdominal wall site but that track geometry does not increase
the risk of extrusion. Neither implantation site, nor track geometry influe
nced either other adverse effects or the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynami
cs of testosterone pellet implants.