General expressions for IM/DD dispersive analog optical links with external modulation or optical up-conversion in a Mach-Zehnder electrooptical modulator

A general derivation of the optical modulation process in a dual-drive Mach -Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) is introduced. The expressions include all harm onics and are entirely general in terms of bias point. Chromatic dispersion is also included allowing the prediction of a number of important phenomen a in photonic signal transmission. Examples of special cases of these gener al equations are then presented. Similar expressions are introduced for har monic optical up-conversion through a photonic mixer based on a DD-MZM cove ring any bias point or phase shift between DD-MZM drives.