Cj. Kirschning et S. Bauer, Toll-like receptors: cellular signal transducers for exogenous molecular patterns causing immune responses, INT J MED M, 291(4), 2001, pp. 251-260
Innate immunity initiates protection of the host organism against invasion
and subsequent multiplication of microbes by specific recognition. Germ lin
e-encoded receptors have been identified for microbial products such as man
nan, lipopeptide, peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), lipopolysac
charide (LPS), and CpG-DNA. The Drosophila Toll protein has been shown to b
e involved in innate immune response of the adult fruitfly. Members of the
family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in vertebrates have been implicated as
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Ten TLRs are known and six of these
have been demonstrated to mediate cellular activation by distinct microbial
products. TLR4 has been implicated as activator of adaptive immunity, and
analysis of systemic LPS responses in mice led to the identification of LPS
-resistant strains instrumental in its identification as a transmembrane LP
S signal transducer. Structural similarities between TLRs and receptor mole
cules involved in immune responses such as CD14 and the IL-1 receptors (IL-
1Rs), as well as functional analysis qualified TLR2 as candidate receptor f
or LPS and other microbial products. Targeted disruption of the TLR9 gene i
n mice led to identification of TLR9 as CpG-DNA signal transducer. Involvem
ent of TLR5 in cell activation by bacterial flagellin has been demonstrated
. Further understanding of recognition and cellular signaling activated thr
ough the ancient host defense system represented by Toll will eventually le
ad to means for its therapeutic modulation.