Integer estimation in the presence of biases

Carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision GN SS (Global Navigation Satellite System) kinematic positioning. Critical in the application of ambiguity resolution is the quality of the computed inte ger ambiguities. Unsuccessful ambiguity resolution, when passed unnoticed, will too often lead to unacceptable errors in the positioning results. Very high success rates are therefore required for ambiguity resolution to be r eliable. Biases which are unaccounted for will lower the success rate and t hus increase the chance of unsuccessful ambiguity resolution. The performan ce of integer ambiguity estimation in the presence of such biases is studie d. Particular attention is given to integer rounding, integer bootstrapping and integer least squares. Lower and upper bounds, as well as an exact and easy-to-compute formula for the bias-affected success rate, are presented. These results will enable the evaluation of the bias robustness of ambigui ty resolution.