Sampling errors of tipping-bucket rain gauge measurements

In this study we investigated sampling-related errors of tipping-bucket (TB ) rain gauge measurements, focusing on the gauge's ability to represent the small-scale rainfall temporal variability. We employed a simple TB simulat or that used ultra-high-resolution measurements from an experimental optica l rain gauge. The simulated observations were used to provide TB rain rate estimates on time scales as low as one minute. The simulation results showe d that the TB estimates suffer from significant errors if based on time sca les less than 10 to 15 minutes. We provide the approximate formulas used to characterize the TB sampling errors at several time scales. Our results sh ow the importance of using fine resolution of both the sampling time interv al and the bucket size so that the TB rain rate estimates have minimum leve ls of uncertainty.