Toxicokinetics, available source, and route of entry of lead in fed and food-deprived bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) larvae

Several toxic effects of lead (Pb) have been documented in amphibians, but few studies have measured tissue levels of exposed specimens or examined to xicokinetics, availability of dietary versus waterborne sources, or route o f entry. We modeled the toxicokinetics and examined the availability of die tary and waterborne Pb in both fed and food-deprived bullfrog (Rana catesbe iana) larvae. Uptake rates of Pb (1,000 mug Pb/L nominal exposure) were sim ilar between fed and unfed larvae, but unfed larvae eliminated Pb slowly. C onsequently, food-deprived larvae accumulated significantly more Pb compare d to fed larvae. The intestinal tract contained > 90% of total body Pb in b oth fed and unfed larvae. Total body concentrations of Pb in fed larvae did not increase over 7 days although levels in food did increase. We conclude d that food consumption influenced Pb accumulation through changes in elimi nation rates rather than in uptake rates. Pb appeared to enter the body of larvae through ingestion of contaminated water rather than food.