In modern high-yielding daily herds fertility is of major economic imp
ortance. In order to gain maximum profit, calving intervals should not
exceed 365 days. The achievement of a 365-day calving interval requir
es an early resumption of ovarian activity, an excellent oestrus detec
tion, and a high first-service conception rate. Especially the inabili
ty to detect oestrus and to mate the cows by 60 to 80 days after calvi
ng is a common problem among dairy farmers nowadays. In this article a
review is given about the occurrence, causes, treatment, and preventi
on of post-partum anoestrus in dairy cows.