Infant crying and adults' anticipated caregiving responses: Acoustic and contextual influences

These studies assessed adults' latencies to signal that they would respond to infant crying as functions of (1) the degree of infant distress they per ceived in the cry, and (2) contextual information relevant to caregiving. I n the first study (N = 34), listeners waited longer to respond to cries tha t they had earlier rated as sounding less distressed than when they heard c ries of higher distress. Further, those who had been told that the infant n eeded sleep waited longer to respond than those without this information. T his effect of context information, however, was limited to the latencies; i n another study (N = 50), listeners' ratings of distress were not affected. Several acoustic features of the cries correlated with distress ratings an d with latencies to signal a caregiving response. Taken together, the resul ts suggest that adults' responses to crying are influenced both by acoustic gradations in the cry itself and by the caregiving context. Ratings of deg ree of distress manifest in the cry, in other words, may be highly predicti ve of caregiving behavior but not wholly so. Finally, although certain acou stic variations related to greater perceived distress and speed of response , differences were apparent between infants in the magnitude of these varia tions. The implication that the general process of cry perception may be ca librated, or fine tuned, to the range of acoustic variation provided by ind ividual infants is discussed.